w;S;fha Y%S ,xldfõ mqreIhskaf.a we÷ï me<÷ï #

·        rdclSh jia;%dNrK #¡

                    1800 ¡ 2000 ld,h ;=< úuiSfï§ wmg yuqjkafka ,laÈj wka;su rcq jk Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq ms<sn| f;dr;=reh' 1798 ¡ 1815 ld,h Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,hhs' fcdaka fâõ i|yka lrk wdldrhgfï rcqf.a idudkH we÷u lñihla ta u; w|sk ,o yeÜghla yd isxy, l%ufha úis;=re ;=ïfmdÜáhla fyda u,nd¾ l%ufha ,sys,a l,siula nj meyeÈ,s lrhs' tfukau me<| isg we;af;a fndar, j,ska w,xlD; úfYaI yevhlska hq;a Wia y;r uq¿ f;dmamshls'

             fâõ fukau yhsáf.a úia;rfhkao fuu rcqf.a we÷u fiiaikag jvd fjkia nj mejfia' rcq l¿ ;srmáhla we| we;s w;r tys udKsla Tínjd we;s nj;a fmlksh olajd jegqKq fldg lndhlao ysfiys rjqï uqÿKla iys; f,days; j¾K jgl=re lema f;dmamshlao me<È nj o i|yka fldg we;'

                    rcjreka ish YÍr w,xlrKh i|yd úYd, jYfhka wdNrK m<od ;sfnk nj fmkS hhs' ieneúkau rc flfkl= wdNrK me<÷fõ ish Yßrh w,xldrj;a lr .ekSug;a jvd thska ;uka fj; ,efnk wdl¾IKSh;ajh;a ;u wNsudkh wka whg m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a i|yd úh hq;=h' fiiq ckhdg jákd f,day j¾. j,ska ;ekQ wdNrK me<§u rdc ksfhda.fhkau ;ykï jQ w;r tfia lsÍu rcqf.a ±ä ovqjï j,g ,la ùugo fya;= jh'

rcqka me<÷ isjq ieg wdNrK fufiah'

1      rka má

2      rejka fida¨

3      kd.jvï

4      ldÿldmamq

5      uq;=mg

6      mgÜfgdavï

7      ndyq oKaä

8      uKslhsjvï

9      .s.sß j<¿

10    ;=kafldka ud,

11    isjqfldka ud,

12    yia;fmdaÜgq

13    fïL,dodu

14    mia rE

15    mia fmryr

16    i;a rejka je,

17    rka yjä

18    ߧ yjä

19    uq;=yjä

20   lsxlsKs cd,d

21    i;arejka yjä

22   ks,añKs rkañKs yjä

23   yia;dx.=,s

24   yia; uqÈ%ld

25   fflfmdÜgq

26   wx.odNrK

27   tldje,

28   l¾kj ;xi

29   YS%jdNrK

30   Molalï

31    l¾KiQ;%

32   uKsnkaê

33    flhqrdNrK

34   W!recd,d

35    bkyev

36    WornkaOk

37    ulr mg

38    k<,a mg

39    mdo Yxl,d

40   mdodNrK

41    mdodcd,d

42   mdodx.=,s

43   mdocxid j<¿

44   .,auq;= ud,

45   rkañKsud,

46   f.,uq;=ud,

47   ñKsuq;=ud,

48   o¾Ykud,

49   ks,añKsud,

50   rkafm;sud,

51    ,shrkaud,

52   rejkaud,

53    jgrkaud,

54   m;%j<¿

55    i;aoï

56    uq;=oï

57    rkaoï

58    ߧoï

59    ñKsoï

60   uq;ayr

61    wjq,ayr

62   ߧyjä                                           

 

               

 rcjreka w;amsiskdjlao Ndú;d lr we;'

·        m%N+kaf.a jia;%dNrK #¡

                 rcjrekag fuka  u m%N+kago úfYaI jQ we÷ï ;sìKs' w;S;fha úiQ ck;dj fndfyda úg i¿ folla w|sk ,o nj by; i|yka lrk ,§' ta y|kd i¿j yd fmdfrdakd i¿j jYfhks' rcqka fukau weu;sjrekao iqfLdamfnda.S cSú; .; l< who fuu i¿ folu yeu úgu we|sh hq;=h' fmdfrdakd i¿j fojqr jid w|sk ,§' w;S;fha weu;sjrfhl=f.a we÷ug "

·        i¿j

·        W;=re i¿j

·        fmdfrdakd i¿j

·        lvqj

·        uq;=yr

·        isßh

wdÈh we;=<;aj we;'

                         mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hq. j,oS Wvrg m%OdkSka Ndjs;d l< we|qfuys Wvqlh jid we|s lusifha olakg ,enS we;af;a ngysr mkakhg yqre njls' kuq;a fuu lñih 18 jk ishji jk úg w;afldg ieÜghla f,i olakg ,eî we;' Wvrg iufha úiQ wÈldrïjreka ;=mafmdÜáh ye| úis;=re liõ máhla bfKys ne| " mÉp fyda fmai yeÜgh u; uka;h oud " fndar,h iys; i;r uq¿ f;dmamshla oud .;a nj;aa ks,fujreka fï we÷uu iq¿ iq¿ fjkialï iys;j we| we;s nj;a iq¿ ks,OdÍka ;=mafmdÜáh we| frÈ lvlska bK fj,d .;a nj;a m%p,s;h' kuq;a rdclSh we÷fï wx.hla jQ fïia yd im;a;= me<§ug lsisfjl=gj;a wjir fkd;sìKs'

                               miq ld,hl§ fuu we÷ï j,g ;j tla tla wx.hka tl;= jsh' tkï rc we÷fuka ,enQ wdNihla f,i ;=mafmdÜáh iu. tys hgg w. /<s lrk ,o l,siula w|skq ,eîh' miq lf<l uq,a we÷u f,i Ndú;hg meñK we;af;a fuu we÷uhs' uq,a we÷fuys uQ,sl wx. jkafka "

·        fnd;a;ï we,a,+ iqÿ /<s iys; l,siu

·        iqÿ ;-=mafmdÜáh

·        r;= ;=mafmdÜáh

·        fidaukh

·        ljksh

·        ú,aÆo mmq máh

·        ú,aÆo yeÜgh

·        ú,aÆo n|máh

·        ysiajeiqu

·        molalï

·        isßh

·        ñßjeä i.,

·        fma/ia uqÿj yd ud,

·        nia;u

 

                             fuys iqÿ ;=mafmdÜáh msßiqÿ nj yd r;= ;=mafmdÜáh wk;=reodhl nj y.jk w;r merKs u;hg wkqj ljksho mú;%;dj y.jkakls' fndfyda úg Wvrg ldka;djka ljksh ye|Sug mqreÿ jQfha fï fya;=j ksid úh yelsh'  fuu we÷ug wdfõKsl jQ fudaia;r we;'tkï ,shje,a " m<d;afldä" fNareKav mCIshd " yxi mQÜgqj" isxy rEm" fudkrd" .=re,d jeks fudaia;r h' fuu we÷u we|Sfï§ Èia úh hq;af;a flfi,a uqjhl wdldrhg fõ' Wor m%foaYfha§ úYd,j;a l%ufhka fomd uq,g t;au isyskaj yd flfi,a uqjhl há fldgi úisÍ we;s f,ig fuyso úiqreKq njla fmkaúh hq;=h' r;=" iqÿ ;=mafmdÜá wekaoùfï§ n| máhg by<ska msysgk fudfydÜá .eg tajd msysgkafka u,l wdldrhghs'

            frdnÜ fkdlaia úiska rpkd lrk ,o tod fy< Èj fmdf;a we÷ï ms<sn|j i|yka lr we;af;a  fufiah'

             jeo.;a ñksiqka msg;g hdfï§ w|sk we÷u fufiah' ks,ajka lmq jia;%fhka l< lndhla ye| hgg iqÿ j;la ye| ta u; ;=mafmdÜáh ye| " h,s fmdg lsysmhla we;s jk f,i /<s oud iqÿ ms<shla bk jg T;d ta ish,a, u; ks,ajka fyda r;=jka máhla n|s;s' úis;=re leghñka fyì ñgla we;s ߧkï l< msyshla ysfKys mfilska we;' ms;a;f,ka fyda ßÈfhka leghï l< fldmqjl nyd,k ,o jeä fldgila ßÈfhka leghï l< wism;la n| mfil t,a,;s' wf;ys is;=jï l< ;ïfndgq je<ls'

^frdnÜ fkdlaia' tod fy<Èj &

fufia ye| me<o isák m%N+ka wksjd¾fhkau Ndú;d lrk ,oaola f,i yqKq ls,af,dagh ye|skaúh yelsh'

                 flfia jqj;A w;S;fha isxy, jxYj;=ka úiska w|sk ,o we÷fï meyeÈ,s fjkialula olakg ,efnkafka mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKSfuka miqj nj fmfka' we;eï jsg tl, úiQ isxy, rcqka mjd mD;=.Sis we÷ï j, wdNdifhka ;u we÷ï ilia lr .;a nj meyeÈ,sh' fï ksid mD;=.SiSka úiska Ndú;d l< we;eï jpk j,ska ì|S wd w¨;a jpk mjd isxy, we÷ug tl;= ù ;sfí'

WÞ #uykqjr m%OdkSka w|sk ,o we÷u y÷kajk ,oafoa cqjka yeÜÜh f,ihs'

tl, ks,OdÍkaf.a yd jxYj;=kaf.a ;rd;sru ksrEmKh lrk ixfla;hla njg lvq me<§u fukau nia;ula /f.k hdu m;aj ;snqKs' frdnÜ fkdlaia i|yka lrk mßÈ wsldrjreka hgf;a isá fkdfhla ks,OdÍkao wdrÉÑ,djrekao ;u ;ukaf.a ks,h y÷kajd,k weUÍ .h ierháhla wf;ys ord ;sfí' 

                      uq, isgu rcqka yereKq fldg jxYj;a msßñka wdNrK ndyq,Hhlska ieriS isá njla fkdfmfka' irK wdNrK lsysmhla mKla Ndú;d lr we;' my;rg isxy, ckhdf.a Ndú;hg yqre ù we;af;a fndfyda úg mD;=.Sis hq.fha§ jxYj;=ka úiska Ndú;d lrk ,o we÷ï j, wdNdihkah'

my;rg jxYj;=kaf.a we÷fï úfYaI;ajhla olajd ;sfí' tkï"

uqo,s # l¿ meye;s w;a È. f,da.=jls' r;arka ldÿ yd fnd;a;ï wdÈfhka w,xldr ù we;' hqfrdamSh yevfha l,siuls' is,sla j,ska lrk ,o rjqï f;dmamshls' th jgd rka kQ,a yd f,aia w,a,d we;' rka yd ߧ j,ska jev ±uQ Wrysi yryd jegqKq máhl t,a,k ,o w,xldr lvqjlao fuu we÷ug wh;a úh'

uqykaÈrï # uqo,s we÷ug iudk fõ' kuq;a Bg jvd ;rula pdñ fõ' lia;dk lvqj me<§u i|yd jQ Wrysi ouk ,o máh pdï tlal úh'

fldard, " wdrÉÑ " uq,doEksjre# Wvqlhg w|sk ,o lndh;a hálh fnd,g olajd Èla jQ froaolskq;a iukaú;h' ysiq jeiqï m<od ke;' ta fjkqjg úúO udÈ,sfha ;kk ,o keñ mkd m<od we;' r;rx fnd;a;ï fh¥ lndfha Wrysi yryd ouk ,o máfhys t,a,k ,o lia;dk lvqjo we;eï úg wf;ys /f.k .sh nia;uo Tjqkaf.a ks,;, ksrEmKh lrkakla úh'

   fiiq msßñ ckhdf.a jia;d%NrK# 

                                        fiiq msßñkaf.a we÷ï fuf;la i|yka l< we÷ï j,g jvd fnfyúka fjkia úh' kuq;a fnfyúkau ir< jQjls' fndfyda úg b.áfha isg fofoK olajd muKla iSud jQ frÈlvla muKla we| we;' msßñka Ndú;d l< we÷ï i|yd i¿j yd fmdfrdakd i¿j hkqfjka folla ;sîî we;' f.oroS;a neyer§;a yeu úúgu w|skd ,o i¿j y|kd i¿j úh' mqrdK ld,fh§ .ïno mßñ <uhska tla i¿jla muKla we| isá nj;a wm%lgj fodruv,dj kï .fï ie.ù isá mKavqldNh l=ure i;a yejeßÈ úfhys§ .ï orejka iu. kEu msKsi ú,g f.dia ;udf.a y|kd jia;%h we|f.k Èhg nei rela isÿÿrla ;=< ie.jKq nj uydjxi àldfõ i|yka fjhs'

               uOHld,Sk hq.fha§ furgg meñKsú foaYsh jdr;dlrejkaf.a f;dr;=re j,g wkqj tl< we÷ï ms<sn|j f;dr;=re wKdjrKh lr .; yelsh' Tjqka fndfyda fofkl=f.a jd¾;d j,g wkqj ,la jeishka w;frka iuyrla ryia m%foaYh muKla jefik fia iqÿ frÈÈ lvla w|sk ,o nj fmfkhs'  Tjqkaf.a w÷u " ;;ajh yd wdodhu wkqj Èlaj fyda fldgg  wef.a T;d .kakd ,o frÈ lvla nj m%ldY lrhs' idudkHfhka my;a hehs i<lk ckhd we. jfÜg T;d .kakd ,o flá frÈ lvlska o ysfiys iqÿ f;dmamshlskao ieriS isg we;' ÿ.S wh we| we;af;a wuqvhla muKs' fï wdldrhg we÷ï we|Su mqreIhkag fukau ia;S%kago fmdÿ jQjls' th lsisfjl=gjla lv l< fkdyels úh'

                  úfYaIfhkau fuu ld,jljdkq j,§ fld<U k.rh wdYs%; lrf.k úúO cd;Ska csj;a úh' Tjqkag wdfõKsl jQ we÷ï me<÷ï ;sìKs' tajd fuys§ wjOdkhg .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fpÜáhd¾ kñka ye|ska jQ fj<| jHdmdßlhka ;=kS úksúo fmfkk fõÜá kï froaolska há lh jid f.k we;' b;du fjkia fmkqulska hq;a  —kdÜál=ájre˜ wuq;= úÈfha ;,mamd ne|f.k ;sfnk w;r  úYd, f;davq yevfha wdNrK j,ska folka irid we;'

                                        w;S;fha§ idudkH ck;dj ;u we÷ug ysia jeiqï Ndú;d lr we;s nj we;euqka mjihs' ta neõ uq,a ld,fha msßñka úiska ysfiys frÈ lvla ne|Su ;=<ska ikd: lrhs' fuh ú,dis;djla jYfhka fkdj ysre /iska je<lSu msKsi jefvys fhfok wjia:djkays§ Ndú; lrkakg we;' mD;=.SiSka furgg meñfKk úg ,lajeishka ysfiys r;= meye;s f;dmams me<| isá nj mejfia ' Wiia mka;sfha whf.a ysia jeiqï ks,a yd iÿ mdáka ;ekQ kuq;a my;a mka;sfha whf.a ysia jeiqï iEuúgu r;=meye;s úh'

                             jákd f,day j,ska ieÿ wdNrK me<§u idudkH ckhdg rdc ksfhda.fhkau ;ykï úh' tfia wka wh wdNrK me<§u rcqf.a ±ä ovqjï j,g ,la ùugo fndfyda úg bv ;sìKs'  tfukau frdnÜ fkdlaia úiska rÑ; tod fy< Èj .%ka:fha i|yka jk mßÈ w;S;fha ÿmam;a isxy, ckhd ;uka yg .ukla hEug we÷ula fkdue;s úg we÷ï we;s whf.ka b,a,df.k we|f.k hdu ÿmam;=kaf.a isß;la nj mjihs' tfukau tfiau wkqkaf.ka b,a,df.k we|f.k hdu kskaodjla fyda uÈlula fia fkdi<lk w;r ta nj ie.ùug ;e;a fkdlrk njo i|yka fõ' úfYaIfhkau tl< ÿmam;a ckhdg we÷ï .ek t;rï ie<ls,a,la fkdue;s nj i|yka fõ'

 

                   mnd

a

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